Generalized Eukaryotic Cell (3)
* The functions of the major organelles/ Structure & functions of the plasma membrane
Cytosol - fluid component of the cytoplasm and consists of an aqueous solution ( proteins,nutrients, other solutes)
^Plasma membrane - regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell.
- phospholipid bilayer with transport proteins embedded throughout - allow certain ions and polar molecules to pass through
- Cell adhesion molecules(CAMs) - cell recognition and adhesion.
- Receptors are complex proteins or glycoproteins embedded with sites that bind to specific molecules in the cell's external environment.
^Nucleus - contains the DNA, with structural proteins(histones) to form chromosomes.
- Nucleolus - dense structure in the nucelus where ribosomal RNA(rRNA) synthesis occurs.
^Ribosomes - sites of protein production & synthesized by the nucleolus. 2 subunits(Prokaryotes - 30S & 50S; Eukaryotes: 40S & 60S).
^Endoplasmic Reticulum - RER : with ribosomes - involved in protein synthesis
- SER : w/o ribosome - lipid synthesis; detoxification of drugs & poison
^Golgi Apparatus - Modify contents from SER, repack, redistribute. - secretory vesicles. Vesiciles/ Vacuoles.
^Lysosomes - pH5, contains hydrolytic enzymes.
^Microbodies - peroxisomes - oxidative enzymes. H2O2. Glyoxysomes to convert fats into sugars until seedling is mature to produce own sugars.
^Mitochondria - Site of aerobic respiration; supply of energy. Semiautonomous; contain their own DNA & ribosomes, self- replicate through binary fission.
^ Chloroplasts - contain chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis. Semiautonomous.
^Centrioles - specialized type of microtubue involved in spindle organization during cell division.
^Cytoskeleton -
- Microtubules - polymerized tubulins to provide support. Centrioles direct the separation of chromosomes during cell division. Cilia & Flagella - involved in cell motility.
- Microfilaments - actin in muscle contraction. amoeboid movement.
- Intermediate filament - maintenance of cytoskeletal integrity.
*How the size of a typical eukaryotic cell compares to the size of a bacterium or virus
Virus = 20 -300nm
Bacteria=1 - 10um
Eukaryotic cell = 10 -100um
*Osmosis, Passive transport, Active transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis
Osmosis - simple diffusion from region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentrations through a selectively permeable membrane.
^Passive transport - down gradient, No carrier, No energy required
^Facilitated transport - down gradient, carrier, No Energy required
^Active Transport - against gradient, Carrier, Energy required
^Endocytosis - process in which teh cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle.
*Structure & functions of the cytoskeleton
General function - cell mechanical support, maintain it's shape, function in cell motility.
^Microtubules - hollow polymerized tubulins that radiate throughout the cell & provide support. (Etc: centrioles- direct the separation of chromosomes during cell division) ( Cilia & flagella - involved in cell motility).
^Microfilament - actin- involved in cell movement as well as support. Myosin- actin interaction.
^Intermediate filaments - involved in maintenance of cytoskeletal integrity.
*Mitosis : where it falls in the cell cycle
Cytosol - fluid component of the cytoplasm and consists of an aqueous solution ( proteins,nutrients, other solutes)
^Plasma membrane - regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell.
- phospholipid bilayer with transport proteins embedded throughout - allow certain ions and polar molecules to pass through
- Cell adhesion molecules(CAMs) - cell recognition and adhesion.
- Receptors are complex proteins or glycoproteins embedded with sites that bind to specific molecules in the cell's external environment.
^Nucleus - contains the DNA, with structural proteins(histones) to form chromosomes.
- Nucleolus - dense structure in the nucelus where ribosomal RNA(rRNA) synthesis occurs.
^Ribosomes - sites of protein production & synthesized by the nucleolus. 2 subunits(Prokaryotes - 30S & 50S; Eukaryotes: 40S & 60S).
^Endoplasmic Reticulum - RER : with ribosomes - involved in protein synthesis
- SER : w/o ribosome - lipid synthesis; detoxification of drugs & poison
^Golgi Apparatus - Modify contents from SER, repack, redistribute. - secretory vesicles. Vesiciles/ Vacuoles.
^Lysosomes - pH5, contains hydrolytic enzymes.
^Microbodies - peroxisomes - oxidative enzymes. H2O2. Glyoxysomes to convert fats into sugars until seedling is mature to produce own sugars.
^Mitochondria - Site of aerobic respiration; supply of energy. Semiautonomous; contain their own DNA & ribosomes, self- replicate through binary fission.
^ Chloroplasts - contain chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis. Semiautonomous.
^Centrioles - specialized type of microtubue involved in spindle organization during cell division.
^Cytoskeleton -
- Microtubules - polymerized tubulins to provide support. Centrioles direct the separation of chromosomes during cell division. Cilia & Flagella - involved in cell motility.
- Microfilaments - actin in muscle contraction. amoeboid movement.
- Intermediate filament - maintenance of cytoskeletal integrity.
*How the size of a typical eukaryotic cell compares to the size of a bacterium or virus
Virus = 20 -300nm
Bacteria=1 - 10um
Eukaryotic cell = 10 -100um
*Osmosis, Passive transport, Active transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis
Osmosis - simple diffusion from region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentrations through a selectively permeable membrane.
^Passive transport - down gradient, No carrier, No energy required
^Facilitated transport - down gradient, carrier, No Energy required
^Active Transport - against gradient, Carrier, Energy required
^Endocytosis - process in which teh cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle.
*Structure & functions of the cytoskeleton
General function - cell mechanical support, maintain it's shape, function in cell motility.
^Microtubules - hollow polymerized tubulins that radiate throughout the cell & provide support. (Etc: centrioles- direct the separation of chromosomes during cell division) ( Cilia & flagella - involved in cell motility).
^Microfilament - actin- involved in cell movement as well as support. Myosin- actin interaction.
^Intermediate filaments - involved in maintenance of cytoskeletal integrity.
*Mitosis : where it falls in the cell cycle
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